The symptom of this problem is that seemingly arbitrarily, some email sent from the iPhone is not actually sent. It doesn't even reach our mail servers, so it's not recorded in your Sent folder, nor does it make it to the recipient(s).
The problem is resolved by turning off the Undo Send Delay feature on the iPhone.
Apple seems to have introduced a bug into iOS 16 when it added the Undo Send Delay feature, found at the bottom of the Settings > Mail window.